![]() However Japan ultimately succeeded in the year-long Battle of South Guangxi, occupying Nanning and cutting off the last sea access to Chongqing. The Japanese were unable to defeat Chinese Communist Party (CCP) forces in Shaanxi, who waged a campaign of sabotage and guerrilla warfare. While Japan could control large cities it captured, it lacked sufficient manpower to control the vast countryside. By 1939, after Chinese victories in Changsha and Guangxi, and with Japan's lines of communications stretched deep into the Chinese interior, the war reached a stalemate. Following the Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, strong material support bolstered the Republic of China Army and Air Force. After failing to stop the Japanese in the Battle of Wuhan, the Chinese central government relocated to Chongqing (Chungking) in the Chinese interior. ![]() The Japanese captured the Chinese capital of Nanjing (Nanking) in 1937, which led to the infamous Nanjing Massacre, also known as the Rape of Nanjing. Having fought against each other in the Chinese Civil War since 1927, the Communists and the Nationalists formed the Second United Front in late 1936 to resist the Japanese invasion together. Japan achieved major victories, capturing Beijing and Shanghai by 1937. But with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, a dispute between Chinese and Japanese troops in Beijing, the conflict escalated into a full-scale Japanese invasion of the rest of China. From 1931 to 1937, there were skirmishes between China and Japan in China. Around 20 million people, mostly civilians, were killed. During the invasion, China was aided by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Nazi Germany before Germany allied with Japan. Other historians consider the 18 September 1931 Mukden Incident, the pretext that Japan fabricated to justify their subsequent invasion of Manchuria, to mark the beginning of the war. The conventionally used date is 7 July 1937, with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident. When exactly the war began is subject to debate. After the Japanese attacks on Malaya and Pearl Harbor in 1941, the war merged with other conflicts which are generally categorized under the China Burma India Theater of World War II by the Western allies. It was the largest Asian war in the 20th century and has been described as "the Asian Holocaust", in reference to the scale of Imperial Japan's war crimes against Chinese civilians. This total war between China and the Empire of Japan is often regarded as the beginning of World War II in Asia, although some scholars consider the European War and the Pacific War to be entirely separate, albeit concurrent. The Second Sino-Japanese War, also known as the Second China–Japan War and the Chinese War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, was fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from 1937 to 1945 as part of World War II. The combined toll is most likely around 3,500,000: 2.5 million Japanese, per their own records, and 1,000,000 collaborators. ^ Including casualties of Japanese puppet forces.^ Excluding more than 1 million who were disarmed following the surrender of Japan.^ This number does not include Japanese killed by Chinese forces in the Burma campaign and does not include Japanese killed in Manchuria.^ Part of the Allied victory in the Pacific War.^ Minor clashes since September 18, 1931.^ The "Reformed Government" established in central China was succeeded by the new Nationalist central government in Nanjing in 1940.^ The "Provisional Government" established in northern China became part of the new Nationalist central government in Nanjing in 1940, but continued to enjoy de facto autonomy within it. ![]() ![]()
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